Treasures of the sea

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• Home
• Executive Summary
• 1.0 Introduction
• 2.0 Methods
• 3.1 The Oceanography of the New Zealand Marine Ecoregion
• 3.2 Cetaceans, seals, and seabirds
• 3.3 Fishes
  • 1. Kermadec Ridge
  • 2. Three Kings Islands
  • 3. Northeastern New Zealand
  • 4. West coast of North island
  • 5. West coast of South island
  • 6. Fiordland
  • 7. Eastern Stewert Island
  • 8. Estuaries
  • 9. Marlborough Sounds
  • 10. Pegasus Bay/Canterbury Bight
  • 11. Subantarctic
  • 12. Chatham Rise
  • Intertidal reefs
  • Hoki
  • Seamounts
  • Deepwater
  • Epipelagic fishes
  • References and further reading
• 3.4 Benthic invertebrates, algae, and plants
• 3.5 Information gaps
• 3.6 Future steps for the future of Biodiversity
• 4.0 Discussion
• 5.0 References
• Appendix 1
• Appendix 2
• Appendix 3
• Appendix 4

References and further reading

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Anderson, O.F., Bagley, N.W., Hurst, R.J., Francis, M.P., Clark, M.R., and McMillan,P.J. 1998. Atlas of New Zealand fish and squid distributions from research bottom trawls. NIWA Technical Report 42. 303 p.

Bagley, N.W., Anderson, O.F., Hurst, R.J., Francis, M.P, Taylor, P.R., Clark, M.R., and Paul, L.J. 2000. Atlas of New Zealand fish and squid distributions from midwater trawls, tuna longline sets, and aerial sightings. NIWA Technical Report 72. 171 p.

Beentjes, M.P., Bull, B., Hurst, R.J., and Bagley, N.W. 2002. Demersal fish assemblages along the continental shelf and upper slope of the east coast of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36: 197-223.

Beentjes, M.P., and Renwick, J.A. 2001. The relationship between red cod, Pseudophycis bachus, recruitment and environmental variables in New Zealand. Environmental Biology of Fishes 61: 315-328.

Brook, F.J. 2002. Biogeography of near-shore reef fishes in northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32: 243-274.

Bull, B., Livingston, M.E., Hurst, R., and Bagley, N. 2001. Upper-slope fish communities on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand, 1992-1999. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 795-815.

Clark, M.R., Anderson, O.F., Francis, R.I.C.C., and Tracey, D.M. 2000. The effects of commercial exploitation on orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) from the continental slope of the Chatham Rise, New Zealand, from 1979 to 1997. Fisheries Research 45: 217-238.

Cole, R.G. 2001. Patterns of abundance and population size structure of herbivorous fishes at the subtropical Kermadec Islands and in mainland New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 445-456.

Cole, R.G., Creese, R.G., Grace, R.V., Irving, P., and Jackson, B.R. 1992. Abundance patterns of subtidal benthic invertebrates and fishes at the Kermadec Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 82: 207-218.

Francis, M.P. 1993. Checklist of the coastal fishes of Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Islands, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science 47: 136-170.

Francis, M.P. 1996. Geographic distribution of marine reef fishes in the New Zealand region. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30: 35-55.

Francis, M.P. 1997. Spatial and temporal variation in the growth rate of elephantfish (Callorhinchus milii). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: 9-23.

Francis, M. 2001. Coastal fishes of New Zealand: an identification guide. Third edition. Auckland, Reed Books. 103 p.

Francis, M.P. and Duffy, C. 2002. Distribution, seasonal abundance and bycatch of basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) in New Zealand, with observations on their winter habitat. Marine Biology 140: 831-842.

Francis, M.P. and Evans, J. 1993. Immigration of subtropical and tropical animals into north-eastern New Zealand. In: Battershill, C.N., Schiel, D.R., Jones, G.P., Creese, R.G., and MacDiarmid, A.B. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second International Temperate Reef Symposium. Wellington, NIWA Marine. p.131-136.

Francis, M.P., Grace, R.V., and Paulin, C.D. 1987. Coastal fishes of the Kermadec Islands. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 21: 1-13.

Francis, M.P., Griggs, L.H., Baird, S.J., Murray, T.E., and Dean, H.A. 2000. Fish bycatch in New Zealand tuna longline fisheries, 1988-89 to 1997-98. NIWA Technical Report 76. 79 p.

Francis, M.P., Hardy, G.S., Ward, C., and Williams, M.W. 1989. "Survey of Fiordland reef fish populations, 1986-1987." Unpublished report, Leigh Marine Laboratory. 26 p.

Francis, M.P., Hurst, R.J., McArdle, B.H., Bagley, N.W., and Anderson, O.F. 2002. New Zealand demersal fish assemblages. Environmental Biology of Fishes 65: 215-234.

Francis, M.P., Worthington, C.J., Saul, P., and Clements, K.D. 1999. New and rare tropical and subtropical fishes from northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 571-586.

Gorman, T.B.S. 1963. Biological and economic aspects of the elephant fish Callorhynchus milii Bory in Pegasus Bay and the Canterbury Bight. New Zealand Marine Department Fisheries Technical Report 8. 54 p.

Guardians of Fiordland's Fisheries. 2001. Beneath the reflections. Fiordland's fisheries and the marine environment - a bibliography. 74 p.

Hardy, G.S., Grace, R.V., and Francis, M.P. 1987. Fishes observed at the Three Kings Islands, northern New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 24: 243-250.

Hartill, B.W., Morrison, M.A., Smith, M.D., Boubee, J., and Parsons, D.M. 2003. Diurnal and tidal movements of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae) in an estuarine environment. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 54: 931-940.

Hicks, M., Shankar, U., McKerchar, A., and Hume, T. 2004. Definitions of hydrological and catchment parameters for New Zealand estuaries. NIWA Internal Data Archive Report 2004/02. 11 p. Hume, T., Snelder, T., Weatherhead, M., Liefting, R., Shankar, U., and Hicks, M. 2003. A new approach to classifying New Zealand's estuaries. Paper No. 66 in Kench, P. and Hume, T. (eds.) Proceedings of Coasts and Ports Australasian Conference 2003, Auckland, New Zealand. 9 p. CD-ROM.

Hurst, R.J., Bagley, N.W., Anderson, O.F., Francis, M.P., Griggs, L.H., Clark, M.R., Paul, L.J., and Taylor, P.R. 2000a. Atlas of juvenile and adult fish and squid distributions from bottom and midwater trawls and tuna longlines in New Zealand waters. NIWA Technical Report 84. 162 p.

Hurst, R.J., Stevenson, M.L., Bagley, N.W., Griggs, L.H., Morrison, M.A., and Francis, M.P. 2000b. Areas of importance for spawning, pupping or egg-laying, and juveniles of New Zealand coastal fish. Final Research Report for Ministry of Fisheries Research Project ENV1999/03, Objective 1. 302 p.

Johnston, A.D. 1983. The southern Cook Strait groper fishery. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Technical Report 159. 33 p.

Kendrick, T.H. and Francis, M.P. 2002. Fish assemblages in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36: 699-717.

King, K.J., Bailey, K.N., and Clark, M.R. 1985. Coastal and marine ecological areas of New Zealand. Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington. 47 p.

Kingsford, M.J., Schiel, D.R., and Battershill, C.N. 1989. Distribution and abundance of fish in a rocky reef environment at the subantarctic Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Polar Biology 9: 179-186.

Livingston, M.E., Clark, M.R., and Baird, S.J. 2003. Trends in incidental catch of major fisheries on the Chatham Rise for fishing years 1989-90 to 1998-99. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2003/52. 74 p.

McDowall, R.M. 1990. New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide. Heinemann Reed, Auckland.

McDowall, R.M. 1998. Driven by diadromy: its role in the historical and ecological biogeography of New Zealand freshwater fishes. Italian Journal of Zoology 65 (suppl. S): 73-85.

McDowall, R.M. and Eldon, G.A. 1980. The ecology of whitebait migrations (Galaxiidae, Galaxias spp.). N.Z. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Research Bulletin 20: 1-171.

Merrett, N.R. and Haedrich, R.L. 1997. Deep-sea demersal fish and fisheries. Chapman and Hall, New York. 282 p.

Morrison, M.A., Francis, M.P, Hartill, B.W., and Parkinson, D.M. 2002. Diurnal and tidal variation in the abundance of the fish fauna of a temperate tidal mudflat. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 54: 793-807.

O'Driscoll, R.L., Booth, J.D., Bagley, N.W., Anderson, O.F., Griggs, L.H., Stevenson, M.L., and Francis, M.P. 2003. Areas of importance for spawning, pupping or egg-laying, and juveniles of New Zealand deepwater fish, pelagic fish, and invertebrates. NIWA Technical Report 119. 377 p.

Paulin, C. and Roberts, C. 1992. The rockpool fishes of New Zealand. Museum of New Zealand/Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand. 177 p.

Roberts C.D., Stewart A.L., and Paulin C.D. 2001. "Regional diversity and biogeography of coastal fishes in the West Coast Discontinuity (Milford Sound to Jacksons Bay). Survey, Inventory and Analysis (Project 2360)." Museum of New Zealand Te Papa, unpublished report.

Ryan, P.A. and Paulin, C.D. 1998. Fiordland Underwater: New Zealand's Hidden Wilderness. Exisle Publishing. 192 p.

Teirney, L. 2003. "Fiordland Marine Conservation Strategy." Guardians of Fiordland's Fisheries and Marine Environment Inc. 138 p.

Tracey, D.M., Bull, B., Clark, M.R., and Mackay, K.A. 2004. Fish species composition on seamounts and adjacent slope in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 163-182.

Willis, T.J., Saunders, J.E.H., Blackwood, D.L., and Archer, J.E. 1999. First New Zealand record of the Australian bridled goby, Arenigobius bifrenatus (Pisces: Gobiidae). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 189-192.